Job Analysis; Descriptions and Specifications Case Study

Job Analysis; Descriptions and Specifications - Case Study Example Job analysis can be conducted using qualitative tools such as interviews with existing clients or quantitative tools such as surveys or comparison to similar job roles in the competitive job market at other companies. Once parameters of the skills and knowledge needed to perform a job have been identified, it becomes easier for HR professionals to determine new pay categories that are competitive or directly in-line with job role function. New performance appraisals can also be developed to help human resources track performance of the employee in this job to determine whether goals are being met based on research findings. The entire process can be research intensive, however it helps leadership understand each job role and have a form of documentation available that helps the business identify with strengths or weaknesses of the job or how to better allocate resources if redundancies between job roles are identified. After conducting research, the skills, knowledge and abilities needed to successfully perform the job are documented. This could include educational credentials or the mental and physical needs of the job, depending on the environment and the complexity of the role. For example, research might indicate that typing speed of at least 60 words per minute is required to manage multi-tasking activities in the job, therefore the new job description will indicate that interviewers should be looking for people with high manual dexterity and speed. Either through observation, interviews or other measurement tools, the description is designed to best fit what has been discovered about the skills needed to accomplish the job tasks successfully. Pay grades are then determined based on what has been identified related to skills and the job role. Job analysis would also determine whether performance goals are being met properly based on research

Starting a Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Starting a Business - Assignment Example Since the biotechnology firm will be involved in the manufacturing and selling of cancer drugs, it will also be subject to the regulation by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The NCI falls under the National Institutes of Health (an agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services). It is tasked with the responsibility of coordinating the national cancer program, conducting and supporting research activities on cancer and dissemination of information regarding causes, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the disease (Lusk, 2009). The web design business amongst will be regulated by the Federal Trade Commission amongst other agencies. This commission is responsible for enforcing federal consumer protection laws. It does this through carrying out investigations on consumer complaints against the companies in question and taking the necessary actions where appropriate (Lusk, 2009). There are several laws that will govern the setting up and running of the three kinds of business. For the pizza delivery business and the biotechnology firm, the laws that will govern the running of their activities (such as the Public Health Service Act) will mostly be aimed at protecting the consumers of the products of these businesses from purchasing and consuming harmful products that might be detrimental to their health such as contaminated food or poisonous drugs that instead of curing ailments, they only makes them worse. For the case of the web design business, the law that deals with this type of business is the Intellectual Property Law. This branch of law deals with the creation of intellectual property trademarks, patents and copyright (Burrow, 2003). There are several legal steps that one will have to encounter before setting up each of the three businesses mentioned. The first step will be to determine the

Introduction to Prokaryotes Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Prokaryotes Essay Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that can survive in extreme environments. Bacteria is the more numerous type of prokaryotes. The group hypothesizes that the samples taken from different environments will all cultivate diverse morphology in fast growing rates in each environment. The aseptic technique was used to cultivate bacteria from different environments. The diversity of morphology and the growing rate of the bacteria was different in each environment. Introduction Prokaryotes are the oldest known life-forms, having existed for the last 3. 5 billion years. Microscopic in size, they are single-celled organisms. Prokaryotic species can survive in extreme habitats that the other life-forms are not capable of inhabiting. Prokaryotes have different shapes, the three most common shapes are spherical (cocci), rod shaped (bacilli), and spiral (spirilla). The prokaryotic cellular structures are unique to their classification. Prokaryotes have an external cell wall and a plasma membrane. The cell wall keeps the shape of the cell, protects the cell, and averts the cells from bursting in a hyposmotic environment. Prokaryotic cells contain a unique material called peptidoglycan (Sadava et al. , 2011). See more: how to write an introduction Also metabolic diversity is among the criteria used in classifying prokaryotes. The term nutrition refers to the means an organism uses to obtain two energy sources: energy and a carbon source. Carbon sources may be either organic, meaning from a living organism, or inorganic, such as carbon dioxide. Prokaryotes split into two lineages known as Archae and Bacteria. The Bacteria are more numerous than the Archae. Bacteria can be endospore-forming bacteria. Bacteria that form endospores are able to survive harsh and severe conditions. Bacteria can also be Enteric Bacteria, they inhabit the intestinal tracts of animals. One species is Escheria coli. Wild-type Escheria strains are able to grow on a variety of carbon and energy sources, such as sugars and amino acids. Some strains of Escheria are pathogenic. The detection of Escheria coli in water is a sign of contamination. Another group of pathogenic enteric bacteria are members of the genus Salmonella. These members are responsible for food poisoning and typhoid. Prokaryotes play very important roles in our environment. They are involved in the cycling of nutrients and elements in a variety of ways. Many prokaryotes are decomposers that metabolize organic compounds in dead organisms. These decompositions processes result in the return of vast quantities of carbon dioxide, inorganic nitrogen, and sulfur to our ecosystems. Other species are important as symbiotic partners with other organisms (Walsh et. al. , 2010). The diversity of the prokaryotic world is huge, and to have a better sense of knowledge of bacteria diversity in different environments an experiment to observe bacteria growth diversity in colder temperature is conducted. The group hypothesizes that the samples taken from different environments will all cultivate diverse morphology in fast growing rates in each environment. The independent variable in the experiment is the temperature control and the dependent variable is the number of colonies. Materials and Methods Seven different environments were chosen to create bacteria from and cultivated on a nutrient-rich media in eight Petri dishes. The bacteria are cultivated on TSA medium, an all-purpose medium used for cultivating all types of bacteria. Sterile water and sterile swabs are used to sample the bacteria from the environment. To make sure that the bacteria was loosened from the environment and stuck on to the swab, the swab was dipped in the sterile water immediately before taking the sample. Carefully opened the Petri dish and swiped the swab across the plate in a â€Å"Z† pattern. Closed the Petri dish and marked it with its corresponding environment. This was repeated seven times each with a different environment. The first environment was the frame of the classroom chalkboard. The second environment was the chair seat of the classroom. The third environment was the bottom of the shoe of one of our group members. The fourth environment was the floor mat inside the doorway of the Biology building. The fifth nvironment was the stair railing handle from the stairwell of the Biology building. The sixth environment was the spacebar on the keyboard of the laboratory computer. The seventh environment was the mouthpiece of the water fountain in the Biology building. To enable us to check whether or not our aseptic technique was effective the eight Petri dish was our control plate that was struck with the sterile water only. These streaks with sterile water represent control treatments. The bacteria was incubated at 37 °C for 2-3 days and then put into the refrigerator for storage. Results Two of the Petri dishes had small bacteria diversity and also a slow growth rate- the chair seat of laboratory environment sample and the water fountain mouthpiece sample (Table 1). Three of the Petri dishes had medium bacteria diversity and regular growth- the frame of the chalkboard, the stair railing handle from the stairwell, and the spacebar of the keyboard (Table 1). The other two Petri dishes had medium bacteria diversity and fast growth rate- the bottom of the shoe and the floor mat inside the doorway of the Biology building (Table 1). The Petri dish with the sterile water streaks had no bacteria growth or diversity indicating our aseptic technique was effective. Discussion The results that were obtained in the experiment did not support the hypothesis that there would be large diversity and fast growing rates in each environment. Every environment sample had its own growth rate and bacteria diversity. The primary reason may be that conditions are rarely optimum. Scientists who study bacteria try to create the optimum environment in the lab: culture medium with the necessary energy source, nutrients, pH, and temperature, in which bacteria grow predictably. Most of the strains used in the classroom either require oxygen for growth or grow better with oxygen. These bacteria will grow better on agar plates, where air readily diffuses into the bacterial colony, or in liquid cultures that are shaken. Since diffusion of oxygen into liquid depends on the surface area, it is important to have a large surface; volume ratio. This means that cultures will grow best in flasks in which the volume of liquid is small relative to the size of the vessel. Also another factor that affects growth is the nutritional medium. Bacteria grow best when optimal amounts of nutrients are provided.

Has Fitness Plus Reached Its Capacity Commerce Essay

Has Fitness Plus Reached Its Capacity Commerce Essay Fitness Initial stands out as the most substantial independently owned or operated fitness center business across the world with much more than 540 branches globally achieving much more than 1.4 million normal members throughout 19 nations. Within the united kingdom solely youll discover 161 clubs of Fitness Initial with much more than 425,000 members. Within the year of 2005, organization ended up being bought by Partners of BC Partners, an EU non-public equity group of businesses. Within the country like Australia, Fitness Initial acquired much more than a wide selection of Residing Well Lady locations really owned and operated by Hilton Group. Additionally, It made the acquisition of chain of healthclubes, 11-gym Healthland and right now possess in excess of eighty fitness centers throughout Australia. Its behind the worldwide International Fitness Week campaign to encourage much more individuals to discover what fitness regime works for them. The campaign uses former Spice Girl Mel B as the face of International Fitness Week Subsequent consist of the unique routines supplied by Fitness Plus, within their own possible : Fitness Routines à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Exercise region à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Free excercise weights à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Training region à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cardiovascular workout room (9 stair steppers, 6 treadmills, 6 life-cycle bikes, three airdyne bikes, 2 cross-aerobics machines, 2 rowing machines, and 1 climber) Recreation Activities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Racquetball (8 courts) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tennis (6 courts) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Outdoor pool à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ City sports teams (softball, volleyball, and swim teams) Relaxation Activities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Yoga classes (2/week in aerobics room) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Whirlpool tubs (1/locker room) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Trained massage therapist Hours of Operation Monday via Thursday 6:30 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. Friday and Saturday 6:30 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Sunday 12:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. Capacity Presumptions Concentrate to the possible choice will most likely be about a couple of aspects of client issues: exercise, cardio exercise, also as nautilus areas. Restrictions ought to be positioned on utilisation on these locations simply because of maximum customer desire, as represented here. This provides a way of measuring in number of members utilizing the health club per hour with regard to capacity scheduling. A essential component of total capacity organising for this case would be to observe that the maximum demand is really about 3 hours each day. Furthermore, a issue that creates capacity organizing much more complex tends to be that a single member will use all of these region which are extremely demanded, and could make use of an region much more frequently than once. Maximum Demand The maximum demand details are supplied on the purpose of looking at trouble spots also as maximum usage of particular precise regions of this facility. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Exercise = 35 members per hour in a 1 class. We tend to believe that hardly any members is going to finish a number of exercises class. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cardio exercise = 58 members per hour in which the machines are tied to half an hour for every member simply because you will find 29 machines. Nevertheless, observe that a single member could use a number of machine, which tends to make the maximum demand capacity organizing much more complex. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Nautilus = 48 member per hour, lets assume that region is not unfilled at the begin of the maximum demand, the users of the health club move at stable rate and in pattern, 24 machine are utilized by members which is in timeframe is use of 1 minute per machine, a couple of hanging around and activity among areas. We have to make supposition that generally completely no member uses any piece of machines ; on the other hand, a member may make use of a handful of pieces and come correct out of the sequence. Assessment So it appears apparant that club areas of aerobics, cardiovascular, and nautilus could effortlessly accommodate peak demand, if the room limitations are adhered-to utilizing employee monitoring. But you will find complaints. The suspected reason for this is that members use much more than 1 region of the club. Moreover, its likely that members visiting much more than 1 region throughout their workout heavily use the aerobics, cardiovascular, and nautilus areas. Numerous members might also workout for much more than 1 hour. Measurement Technique The issue identified is capacity, and being that Fitness Plus is really a flexible flow procedure, i.e., members select their own workouts, input measures are being utilized. At the present time and with the present flow of members, Fitness Plus has big periods of operating near peak capacity in multiple areas. This is causing flow problems, such as bottlenecking within the much more well-liked workout areas. Members are utilizing much more than 1 region of the fitness center throughout every go to, but theres a lack of information to depict actual usage of these areas. For instance, we know that approximately 80 mph enter the fitness center throughout our 3 peak hours, but we dont know which areas the members go to specifically. As a result, the fitness center intends to measure use of the 3 issue areas (aerobics, cardio, nautilus) throughout the peak three-hour period. Members will utilize their membership card to enter and leave all areas of the center. The average utilization of every region will probably be computed and also the outcomes will probably be depicted in a chart, like the attached example Figure three. This will show actual usage throughout peak hours of the fitness center. Measurement ought to be over a fairly short time period since member complaints have recently increased. Some action is required within the short-term. Key Indicators Particular key indicators have been identified based on case info, which outcomes in a capacity forecast approach. Indicators consist of: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ External Leading Indicators à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Coincident Indicators à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lagging Indicators The measurement technique for the key indicators offers a technique for every also as other choices for analysis. The measurement methods for every key indicator consist of: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ External Leading Indicators = Causal Forecasting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Coincident Indicators = Time-Series Analysis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lagging Indicators = Time-Series Analysis The key indicator information and measurement methods are also depicted in Figure 4. 2. Which capacity technique would be suitable for Fitness Plus? Justify your answer. In a short time period, fitness initial has to ascertain the requirements and requirements of the possible clients, and endeavour to satisfy mismatch between those requirements and present offerings. To improve the existing dealings and accomplishment of todays requirements, directed study will probably be finalized. This will take account of: gathering real control information of equipment and rooms, bringing on innovation and ideas from operatives, market study, service plan study, effectual time table, and enhanced defensive upholding of equipment and also the service facility as a entire. 1. PROBLEM: The capacity of the fitness club, mostly within the Nautilus, cardiovascular, and aerobics fitness areas, is insufficient to meet demand. 2. RECOMMENDED Answer: Construct an extra facility. three. ANALYSIS OF Feasible SOLULTIONS: (A) Do nothing. Growth has increased the average number of members checking in at the existing fitness club to 25 members per hour in 2000. Nevertheless, complaints from members about overcrowding and unavailability of equipment could lead to dissatisfied members terminating their membership and possibly joining an additional club. If the growth continues, the number of complaints and dissatisfied members ought to improve. Do nothing isnt a great answer. (B) Extend company hours. The club is currently open 101 hours per week. Growing the number of open hours could spread out the number of clients throughout the day. Nevertheless, peak times will still exist and continue to produce complaints. Extending company hours isnt a great answer. (C) Expand the capacity of the facility. (See attached calculation sheet) The average number of members arriving per hour varies a great deal between the slow periods and peak times. The capacity cushion in 1995 was an 83%. Theres no mention of complaining throughout this time. The capacity cushion in 2000 is 72%. Present capacity measured as inputs for the Nautilus, cardiovascular, and aerobics fitness areas is 88 members per hour. To get an 83% capacity cushion like in 1995, with an average flow of 25 members per hour of year 2000, the capacity would need to be increased to 147 members per hour. Unique consideration ought to focus on the cardiovascular region where demand is over capacity at peak times. Simply because of the limited quantity of land at the present facility, expansion from 88 to 147 members per hour is most likely not feasible. (D) Build an extra facility. The resurgence of activity within the downtown region has brought increased population and new companies. Fitness club competition already exists within the downtown market. Nevertheless, members are still coming to Fitness Plus with the overcrowding and unavailability of machines with competing fitness clubs only 10-15 minutes away. Some members should prefer the services of Fitness Plus over the competition. Building an extra facility the exact same size as the present facility would double the capacity of Fitness Plus within the region. Building a new Fitness Plus club downtown will encourage a few of the present members who are closer to downtown to begin utilizing the new location. Building an extra facility will put Fitness Plus in a growing market, take a few of the strain off the present facility by growing capacity and decrease the number of dissatisfied clients. 4. ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS: The perfect capacity cushion for the Fitness Plus facility with a capacity of 88 might not be 83%. The 83% capacity cushion was utilized within the calculations simply because there was no mention of member complaints in 1995. The perfect capacity cushion might be somewhere between the 83% in 1995 and also the 72% in 2000. If the perfect capacity cushion is lower than 83%, the capacity would have to be increased but not as a lot as the 147 within the calculations. Extra info would be required to discover the perfect capacity cushion. Fitness Plus requirements to produce greater value for activities and services which are not being utilized to efficient capacity. Ideas will probably be generated from the employees to make certain that theres buy-in from the top level down. Employees are dealing with clients everyday on a much more personal level. They might be able to assess what the facility is missing to satisfy a greater quantity of clients. Study will probably be carried out to make particular that changing customer requirements are identified. You will find two new competitors that have opened fitness centers within 15 minutes of Fitness Plus, and every facility caters to a various clientele. 1 caters to a young adult crowd, not allowing kids under 16 to access the facilities, and also the other concentrates on weight and cardiovascular training only. Taking this into account, Fitness Plus has the capability to satisfy extra customer requirements with the present facility offerings. Fitness Plus has a waiting line issue thats resulting in bottlenecks. The service system has multiple lines along with a mixed arrangement of facilities involving clients with individual service requirements. The present priority rule is first-come, first-served. Fitness Plus will have to calculate both the arrival and service time distributions. To complete the waiting line analysis, Fitness Plus will also have to think about: 1. Line length both in terms of customer service and capacity 2. Number of clients in system related to efficiency and capacity three. Waiting time in line such as service rate and customer perceptions 4. Total time in system which might indicate issues with service, capacity or customer themselves 5. Service facility utilization keeping in mind total facility operating costs After analyzing the information collected via the monitoring, the outcomes might foster the development of a new layout for the facility. This layout might improve the space, equipment, and peak capacity of some areas, and decrease or eliminate other people. The focus of the facility might change to satisfy much more of the present customer base and to attract new clients which are searching for services which are not accessible at the competing locations. Additionally, Fitness Plus ought to think about alternatives to customer flow, like clients being assigned a designated time to use equipment throughout peak hours. This might be handled upon registration when entering the club. Members would have opportunity to take benefit of other, less-popular areas although they wait. They would then have a ten-minute window, based on their designated time, to return to the Nautilus or cardiovascular equipment for their workout. These members would also have a set time limit for their workouts on this equipment throughout peak times only. Other opportunities might be apparent within the scheduling of employees and aerobics classes. For aerobic class scheduling, a sign-up sheet or reservation system will assist to stop customer disappointments around full classes. A reservation system is also an outstanding tracking tool to figure out what classes are the most well-liked and what times are the most sought after. For employee scheduling, staggering employee shifts ought to be evaluated. Staggering shifts of staff will assist to eliminate excess staff members working at slow times. By concentrating on peak times, the customer will have much more personal interaction and attention from the staff, possibly improving their satisfaction. Creating a normal schedule for equipment maintenance will lower repair costs for Fitness Plus, but most of all, will maximize the availability of the equipment that clients are demanding. This will also have an indirect effect in growing both customer and employee morale and satisfaction (Al-Hassan, 2000). Fitness Plus will employ benchmarking of their competitors in an effort to discover from their successes and failures. Benchmarking is moving much more towards areas that reinforce the role of the employee within the success of the business like customer service, high quality, teamwork, communication and supplier relationships (Simpson, 2000). Analysis of outcomes will probably be completed to permit for adjustments of the objectives and improvement plan. In the long-term, Fitness Plus will have to think about expansion and figure out the optimum economies of scale to spread fixed costs, decrease construction costs, and identify procedure benefits. Present facilities limit the capacity cushion. As region population grows, Fitness Plus will have to expand to improve its capacity cushion. This will permit them to effectively deal with sudden increases in demand by its members. Average utilization rates ought to be maintained at a rate somewhat much less than 100 percent to steer clear of constant operation at peak capacity. The capacity cushions, both existing and required, are measured as 100 percent minus the utilization rate as a percentage: Capacity cushion = 100% Utilization rate (%) Utilization is equal to the average output rate divided by maximum capacity: Utilization = Average output rate x 100% Maximum capacity Simply because Fitness Plus capacity demand can vary considerably, itll have to think about a larger capacity cushion-possibly as a lot as 20%to maintain satisfactory customer service levels and sustain membership sales. Choice Inputs Before making its final choice on expansion, Fitness Plus will have to undertake four actions to arrive at the correct capacity choice. These actions consist of: 1. Estimate Capacity Requirements 2. Address Projected Demand versus Present Capacity three. Identify Capacity Alternative Choices 4. Evaluate Alternatives Identified Initial, estimated capacity requirements will probably be calculated for every region as follows: Number of machines needed = [Forecast # customers/year] x Customer time per machine hrs avail from machine per yr much less desired capacity cushion Setup time isnt a main factor within the customer workout procedure, and wont have to be included within the calculation. Next, Fitness Plus will have to identify gaps between projected demand and present capacity. This will probably be evident per the outcomes of member monitoring and analysis throughout short-term improvement procedure. Those areas with bottlenecks-Nautilus, cardiovascular and aerobics-will be the primary focus since overall capacity cant be expanded unless bottleneck operation is expanded. The third step would be to take a look at alternatives and identify a number of choices. In light of the present scenario, Fitness Plus has 3 long-term alternatives: 1. No expansion of existing facilities and wait to see what the market will bear within the future prior to making a choice on expansion 2. Minor expansion of existing facilities on the limited land accessible at the present website three. Major expansion to a second facility within the downtown region The final step would be to evaluate these alternatives based on both qualitative and quantitative terms, such as capacity technique, market competition, and financial analysis with price estimates and money flows. Simply because clients are already complaining and average capacity is running well above cushion, the initial alternative-no expansion-would most likely be eliminated. Fitness Plus is beyond the wait-and-see phase. Alternate two-minor expansion of the existing facility-is extremely limited because of the lack of land at the present location. Given the steady population improve and Fitness Plus only competition in full range workout services being the YMCA, alternative three-the expansionist strategy-may be the very best option. This capacity technique will maintain Fitness Plus ahead of customer demand. This will also limit the competitions abilities of expanding by growing their risk of overburdening the market with too a lot capacity. Fitness Plus will have to act rapidly to announce its long-term expansion plans to stop giving the competition the opportunity to do the exact same. Additionally, Fitness Plus runs the risk of over expansion, ought to the population improve level off or the fitness craze decrease. Plan Evaluation Fitness Plus implemented short-term improvements will probably be readily measurable by monitoring the number of customer complaints, the continued tracking of member usage of facility services, and also the new membership campaign in January. Assuming that Fitness Plus announces its main expansion plans-the new downtown facility-January membership will also be a gauge for that technique also. Fitness Plus will have to continue to observe population growth trends and region competition as it expands into this new market. Continued analysis of market capacity will probably be needed. three. How would you link the capacity choice being made by Fitness Plus to other kinds of operating decisions? Theres a random demand for the firms capacity in every period: the demand in excess of the capacity is lost, and revenue is generated for the fulfilled demand. At the beginning of every period, the firm may improve its capacity via buying equipment for immediate delivery, which is constrained by a random supply limit, or it may sign a future contract for equipment delivery within the following period. We assume that the firms capacity may partially turn out to be obsolete because of natural deterioration or technology innovation. We aim at characterizing optimal capacity expansion methods and comparing the profit functions also as the optimal control policies of various choices. Specifically, we show that the optimal capacity expansion policy for the present period is determined by a base-stock policy. Compared with the case where no future contracts are accessible, the optimal control parameters of capacity expansion are usually smaller. We further show that when the obsolescence ra te is deterministic, the optimal policy for capacity expansion via future contracts is also a base-stock kind. The outcomes are extended to the instances with stochastically dependent capacity supply limits and stochastically dependent demand processes, which establish the robustness of the optimal policy in numerous market conditions. Investment in capacity expansion remains 1 of the most critical decisions for a manufacturing organisation with global production facilities. Multiple elements have to be considered making the choice procedure extremely complex. The study discovered that theres a substantial quantity of work on development of mathematical multi-factor models for capacity expansion. Despite that, no single work captures all of the various facets of the issue. Since the early 1960s, numerous quantitative studies of capacity expansion issues have been conducted. Manne (1961) offers the initial and simplest models of capacity expansion with deterministic demand, single facility and infinite economic life. His book (Manne, 1967a) offers a description of numerous capacity expansion issues in which optimal location for every expansion is considered explicitly (Erlenkotter, 1967; Manne, 1967b). By the early 1980s, the capacity expansion literature evolved to consist of multiple problems and think about multiple facilities within the decision-making procedure. Luss (1982) points out that the typical objective was to minimise the discounted costs associated with the expansion procedure. Porter (1980), nevertheless, argued that the capacity expansion issue isnt as easy as just carrying out such analysis based on a couple of elements. Estimating the elements that influence a capacity expansion is really a subtle issue in business. Most of the recent work within the region of capacity expansion choice processes has focused on the advancement of computational methods (Syam, 2000) to solve various aspects of the issue based on various constraints and objectives. Some work has been carried out investigating soft elements (OBrien and Smith, 1993; Meijboom and Voordijk, 2003) yet no complete procedure has been put forward. Thus the challenge would be to develop a choice procedure that will capture leading thinking within the region and to expand this to consist of soft problems in capacity expansion in global manufacturing networks. Fitness Plus, Component B, explores alternatives to expanding a new downtown facility and is included within the Instructors Manual. If youre interested in this topic, ask your instructor for a preview.

Interpretation of the King in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- GCSE Engli

Interpretation of the King in Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet presents in the character of King Claudius an intelligent, cunning, but seemingly unselfish ruler. This essay will present both an external and internal consideration of Claudius.    For the duration of the drama an important mental contest ensues between Claudius and the protagonist. John Masefield discusses this mind battle in â€Å"Hamlet, Prince of Denmark†:    Justice, in her grosser as in her finer form, is concerned with the finding of the truth.   The first half of the play, though it exposes and develops the fable, is a dual image of a search for truth, of a seeking for a certainty that would justify a violent act.   The King is probing Hamlet's mind with gross human probes, to find out if he is mad. Hamlet is searching the King's mind with the finest of intellectual probes, to find out if he is guilty.   The probe used by him, the fragment of a play within a play, is the work of a man with a knowledge of the impotence of intellect--    "Our wills and fates do so contrary run That our devices still are overthrown"--    and a faith in the omnipotence of intellect--    "Our thoughts are ours, their ends none of our own."    To this man, five minutes after the lines have exposed the guilty man, comes a chance to kill his uncle.   Hamlet " might do it at"- while he is at prayers.   The knowledge that the sword will not reach the real man, since damnation comes from within, not from without, arrests his hand. (n. pag.)    The drama opens after Hamlet has just returned from Wittenberg, England, where he has been a student. What brought him home was the news of his father’s death and his ... ...ice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint of Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html    Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907–21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000 http://www.bartleby.com/215/0816.html    West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.    Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. â€Å"Shakespeare.† Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.          Interpretation of the King in Shakespeare's Hamlet Essay -- GCSE Engli Interpretation of the King in Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet presents in the character of King Claudius an intelligent, cunning, but seemingly unselfish ruler. This essay will present both an external and internal consideration of Claudius.    For the duration of the drama an important mental contest ensues between Claudius and the protagonist. John Masefield discusses this mind battle in â€Å"Hamlet, Prince of Denmark†:    Justice, in her grosser as in her finer form, is concerned with the finding of the truth.   The first half of the play, though it exposes and develops the fable, is a dual image of a search for truth, of a seeking for a certainty that would justify a violent act.   The King is probing Hamlet's mind with gross human probes, to find out if he is mad. Hamlet is searching the King's mind with the finest of intellectual probes, to find out if he is guilty.   The probe used by him, the fragment of a play within a play, is the work of a man with a knowledge of the impotence of intellect--    "Our wills and fates do so contrary run That our devices still are overthrown"--    and a faith in the omnipotence of intellect--    "Our thoughts are ours, their ends none of our own."    To this man, five minutes after the lines have exposed the guilty man, comes a chance to kill his uncle.   Hamlet " might do it at"- while he is at prayers.   The knowledge that the sword will not reach the real man, since damnation comes from within, not from without, arrests his hand. (n. pag.)    The drama opens after Hamlet has just returned from Wittenberg, England, where he has been a student. What brought him home was the news of his father’s death and his ... ...ice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint of Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html    Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907–21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000 http://www.bartleby.com/215/0816.html    West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.    Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. â€Å"Shakespeare.† Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.         

The Republican Plan Should Not Be Vetoed :: Argumentative Persuasive Government Papers

The Republican Plan Should Not Be Vetoed The government of the United States has been the patriarch of the country. It has taken care of it's people for over two hundred years in times of war, recession and hundreds of other problems. But to solve these problems money had to spent sometimes in mass quantities. The World Wars not only made the US a world power but also a world bank. It has been since that time that the United States have begun it's trend towards deficit. After browsing through the Web I have a better understanding of what the deficit is, where it came from, and how it is being handled. It seems absurd that our country owes almost 5 trillion dollars. At the same time in economics we have learn the dollar value can sometimes be unimportant but the relative value that truely matters. If the whole world is in the same relative picture than the debt is not an enormous concern. As with any problem things should not be taken to either extreme at a given moment. To eliminate the debt would be a task no party could devise and in essence would be unimportant for the world economy. On the other hand money should not be spent like wild fire. Like everyone else in the country the government should spend their (our) money wisely. My opinion is that the Republican plan should not be vetoed. It needs to be instated to control the increase in the national debt and censor government spending. I do believe that the Republicans often look towards the wrong departments to make cuts in.

Baby, It’s Cold Outside

This paper compares two works – that of Jack London’s `To Build A Fire` and Robert Frost’s ‘An Old Man`s Winter Night. ’ Obviously common to the two literary works is the winter backdrop from which the story progresses. The two authors employ the winter season and use it to help move the story and create memorable images. For instance in Robert Frost’s `An Old Man`s Winter Night,’ the author creates a cozy image of an old man who is able to keep the household fires burning.In fact readers find it especially warm as the Frost describes the man and the elements inside his home as almost contrasting to the one outside it. There is frost gathering outside the home as contrasting the lamp that tilt near his hand. There is a warm glow that one feels as he reads these lines. The poem speaks of this old man who has lived his life and now muses and relaxes in the comfort of his home. A reader can best get hold of this poem by establishing where the person is and what he is doing there.Right off the start, we find that the author’s feelings are an expository progression of an old man and his â€Å"creaking room† that creaks just like him. From the elements described by the author, the reader is presented with a house that has barrels all around him but he seems to be in control of these things. In fact, he is described as â€Å"having scared the cellar under him. † This does not happen just once because we read that the author pens as scaring it â€Å"once again. † Yet, that is not the only thing which the old man is in control of.He also clomps off and â€Å"scared the outer night. † The old man is completely in control of his environment even if he is old, for the author writes that in â€Å"clomping off†, he also is able to scare the outer night, which by now must be completely dark since the poem begins with a description that â€Å"all out of doors are looking darkly in† on him. The sounds are also known well to the old man as the author states that these are familiar sounds including the roar of the trees as well as the crack of the branches.Cracking of branches already connote strangers or unfamiliar people and possibly wild animals, yet the old man is not afraid of that at all. He is just seated there, contemplating on simple, mundane things that comfort him and give him the warm glow despite the fierce winter outside his house. It can be quite a puzzle for readers because an old man ought to be afraid of being alone in such a time of the year. Yet, he is perfectly comfortable, tending to his home and being satisfied that he is happy in whatever time of the day it was.Even if it was very cold outside, he is able to sleep comfortably. He does not mind the icicles along the wall nor the snow upon his roof. The house is old and may not even be fit for any man to live in, much more an old man, for the log that makes it up moves and shifts with a jol t or any movement. The picture of an old man in his own house, keeping the house warm on a cold winter night may be inconceivable to any sane person because of the dangers that are linked to this. But this old man is able to do it on his own, without any help from anyone.Meanwhile, Jack London’s ‘To Build a Fire’ tells the story of a man and his dog as they travel through the Klondike region in Canada. They are returning to the camp where they envision to have a warm meal but they took the longer route to the camp since the man had to check if there were logs from Yukon. But the winter in Yukon was so strong with frigid temperatures. The author writes that this kind of winter â€Å"was not merely colder than fifty below zero; it was colder than sixty below, than seventy below. It was seventy-five below zero. † Thus, this was going to be a long and arduous journey back to the camp.Unlike Frost’s old man in winter who had a cozy and warm place inside his home despite the harsh winter, the man in â€Å"To Build a Fire† had to think ahead so that he could avoid pools of freezing cold water hidden under the thin ice. These were hazardous spots along the way and the man had to order his dog to test the area since the weather was too harsh for the man to make it back to the camp. Along the way, we read how the man struggled to keep warm and to go back to the camp. It was a difficult way to travel and even his dog knew that it was not wise to travel in that condition at all.We read this man who lacks the wisdom not to travel in that kind of weather as compared to the old man, this man was not aware of how to respond to his environment. He had not mastered nature at all. This was so unlike the old man who remained unperturbed. The man with the dog acted desperately amidst the winter. He was not sure that he would make it through. The two authors made use of the winter in different ways. Frost made winter the character’s a lly, because the old man was able to sleep despite the cold winter.But London uses winter as the adversary of the man with the dog. They fight off nature and the dangers that lurk in every step they take. Readers become engrossed with the plight of the man. Readers are almost sure that the man cannot make it because he does not even have control of his legs and fingers and arms as he walks, flailing them in desperation. While the old man in the poem is in complete control of his surroundings, feeling cozy and warm all over, the other man no longer is in control of anything, not even his own dog.His dog senses the danger from his master’s voice and does not beckon to his calls and commands. There would be a completely different story if the element of the winter season was changed to the weather in the tropics. The old man would probably feel warm and go for a walk outside, where it might be hazardous as he is alone with no one to help him in time of need. The man with the dog would simply breeze through the journey back to the camp, finding his friends and family waiting eagerly for him. It would be a fast and easy journey.But Jack London wanted to illustrate how a desperate man responds in times of crisis. Readers get the exact feeling that the author wants to send out to his readers because for a second, one goes back to the text at the end when the author pens, â€Å"Then the man drowsed off into what seemed to him the most comfortable and satisfying sleep he had ever known. † How very contrasting the sleep of the old man in Frost’s poem when we read, â€Å"Once in the stove, disturbed him and he shifted, And eased his heavy breathing, but still slept. †